Undertaking interventions into the real world is the crucial step of digital twinning. It is where true value is realised and the data-value chain is fully achieved by making informed. improved, and faster decisions.

When using digital twins, the process of intervening into the real world can vary depending on the level of autonomy offered by the control layer of the reference architecture. Human-in-the-Loop digital twins and Human-out-of- the-Loop digital twins represent two ends of a spectrum in terms of the level of human involvement in the operation and decision-making of digital twins.